Abstract:[Objective] To investigate the clinical efficacy of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) with calcium phosphate composed bone cement for single-segment thoracolumbral compression fracture in osteopenia. [Methods] A retrospective study was conducted on 69 patients who were hospitalized in our department for single-segment thoracolumbar fracture in osteopenic condition from January 2018 to December 2019. According to doctor-patient communication, 32 patients received composite bone cement PVP, while the other 37 patients received conservative treatment (the CT group) . The clinical and imaging data of the two groups were compared. [Results] All the patients in the PVP group had operation performed successfully despite of 2 cases of intervertebral leakage occurred during operation, whereas all those in the CT group had no adverse reaction during the therapy. All the 69 patients were followed up for (14.01±1.12) months on an aver- age. The PVP group resumed walking, and full weight-bearing activity significantly earlier than the CT group (P＜0.05) . The VAS and ODI scores significantly decreased (P＜0.05) , whereas JOA scores significantly increased over time in both groups (P＜0.05) , which in PVP group proved significantly superior to the CT group at 6 months after treatment (P＜0.05) , whereas became not statistically significant be- tween them at the last follow-up (P＞0.05) . Radiographically, the PVP group got a significant increase of the anterior height of injured ver- tebrae, while a significant decrease of local kyphotic Cobb's angle at 6 months and at the latest follow-up compared with those before treat- ment (P＜0.05) . However, the CT group got significantly reverse variations in the anterior vertebral body height and local kyphotic Cobb's angle anomg the time points compared with the PVP group (P＜0.05) . At corresponding time points after treatment, the PVP group was sig- nificantly superior to the CT group in abovesaid image indexes (P＜0.05) , regardless of the fact that no statistically significant differences in the radiographic parameters were noticed before treatment. [Conclusion] Calcium phosphate composed bone cement PVP is a safe and reliable treatment for single-segment thoracolumbar fracture in the osteopenic condition, which relieve pain quickly, recover function faster without long-term bed rest.